Comparison Between Fluid Simulation with Test Particles and 1 Hybrid Simulation for the Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability

<p> A quantitative investigation of plasma transport rate via the Kelvin&hyphen;Helmholtz (KH) instability can improve our understanding of solar&hyphen;wind&hyphen;magnetosphere coupling processes. Simulation studies provide a broad range of transport rates by using different measurements based on different initial conditions and under different plasma descriptions, which makes cross literature comparison difficult. In this study, the KH instability under similar initial and boundary conditions (i.e., applicable to the Earth's magnetopause environment) is simulated by Hall magnetohydrodynamics with test particles and hybrid simulations. Both simulations give similar particle mixing rates. However, plasma is mainly transported through a few big magnetic islands caused by KH&hyphen;driven reconnection in the fluid simulation, while magnetic islands in the hybrid simulation are small and patchy. Anisotropic temperature can be generated in the nonlinear stage of the KH instability, in which specific entropy and magnetic moment are not conserved. This can have an important consequence on the development of secondary processes within the KH instability as temperature asymmetry can provide free energy for wave growth. Thus, the double&hyphen;adiabatic theory is not applicable and a more sophisticated equation of state is desired to resolve mesoscale process (e.g., KH instability) for a better understanding of the multi&hyphen;scale coupling process.</p>